Hedge Funds
"Hedge Fund" is a generic term for a pooled investment vehicle
that can undertake a wide range of investment and trading activities.
A hedge fund is usually organized as a limited partnership, Limited Liability
Company (LLC) or Limited Liability Partnership (LLP). A key characteristic
of a hedge fund is that only certain investors may invest. These investors
are typically institutions, such as pension funds, university endowments
and foundations, or high net worth individuals. Individual investors must
certify that they are "accredited" investors at the time they
invest. The term "accredited investor" is defined by SEC regulations
and requires a certain minimum net worth and an attestation that the investor
has the necessary experience to evaluate the investment. When making an
initial hedge fund investment, the investor is asked to complete and sign
a subscription agreement. This important document asks for information
to establish that the investor is "accredited." The other important
document you should receive prior to making a hedge fund investment is
a Private Placement Memorandum (PPM). The PPM should disclose investment
strategies, management fees, the fund manager's performance history
and any other material facts about the fund and its manager.
In general, hedge funds invest in a diverse range of assets, but most commonly
trade liquid securities on public markets. Many hedge funds also invest
in restricted securities, derivatives and private placements. (See article
on "
Private Placements.") They often employ well-defined investment strategies, and make
use of techniques such as short selling and leverage. What hedge funds
offer investors is the opportunity to achieve above market returns. The
cost to investors, as is true with any investment that seeks above market
returns, is a higher risk of large capital losses.
Hedge funds are usually open-ended, meaning investors can invest and withdraw
money at regular, specified intervals, usually once or twice annually.
However, most hedge funds have an initial lock-up period, in most cases
one year, in which withdrawals of principal are prohibited. Unlike an
investment in common stock or a mutual fund, hedge funds are illiquid
meaning that should you need your money back quickly, or if the hedge
fund is declining in value rapidly, you may be unable to redeem your investment
immediately. The current value of an investment in a hedge fund is calculated
as a percentage of the fund's net asset value ("NAV").
A hedge fund typically pays its investment manager a management fee, which
is a percentage of the fund's NAV, and a performance fee if the fund's
NAV increases during a year. The standard performance fee is 20% of the
fund's increase in NAV over a year. These performance fees are usually
subject to a "high water mark" so that if the fund's NAV
declines in value during a year the performance fee will not be paid again
until the fund's NAV exceeds the previous high water mark. As of 2009,
hedge funds represented 1.1% of the total assets held by financial institutions.
The estimated investment in hedge funds worldwide is $1.9 trillion. In
addition to standard hedge funds with a single investment manager, some
funds are called Funds of Funds. In a Fund of Funds, the investment manager
does not select the specific investments but chooses a number of individual
hedge funds to invest monies raised in a Fund of Funds offering.
In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act for
the purpose of improving the regulation of financial companies, including
hedge funds, following the financial crisis of 2008. The Act requires
advisers with private pools of capital exceeding $150 million or more
in assets to register with the SEC as investment advisers and become subject
to all rules which apply to registered advisers by July 21, 2011. Previous
exemptions from registration provided under the Investment Advisers Act
of 1940 no longer apply to most hedge fund advisers. Under Dodd-Frank,
hedge fund managers with less than $100 million in assets under management
are overseen by the state where the manager is domiciled and are subject
to state regulation. Overseas-based hedge funds with more than 15 U.S.
domiciled investors and managing more than $25 million for those investors
also have to register with the SEC by July 21, 2011.
Investor claims that may arise from a hedge fund investment are as varied
as the type of funds that exist. Misrepresentations or omissions of material
facts in a hedge fund's offering materials can include the prior performance
of the investment manager, misstating the fund's investment strategy
or not disclosing known risks about that strategy. Claims can also arise
from the post-offering operations of the fund, for instance where the
manager deviates from a stated investment strategy or pays fees and expenses
in a manner that violates the fund's organizational agreement.
If you have questions about a hedge fund investment you are considering
or suspect something amiss with an existing hedge fund investment, please
contact Pearson, Simon & Warshaw, LLP's by e-mail at
info@pswlaw.com or by telephone at (818) 788-8300.
Link for Additional Information About Hedge Funds:
http://investor.gov/investing-basics/investment-products/hedge-funds